Management Human Resource Emotional Intelligence

Question: Examine about the Management Human Resource for Emotional Intelligence. Answer: Presentation The examination plans to give a point by point information hands on fulfillment in an association. The investigation centers around the effect of occupation fulfillment on the exhibition of the association. The investigation, examinations the job of supervisors in an association, which helps in expanding the degree of employment fulfillment. So as to approve the utilization of the administration hypothesis, for example, possibility hypothesis, framework hypothesis and authoritative natural hypothesis, the instances of associations are refered to. The points of interest and the restriction of the hypotheses used to build work fulfillment are featured to fortify the investigation. The examination assists with getting a point by point about occupation fulfillment and its effect. Occupation fulfillment and its effect on hierarchical execution Occupation fulfillment of the representatives of an association can be named as the whole of the emotions and the convictions that the workers feel towards the current their current employment. Guaranteeing work fulfillment is critical to the representatives is significant for the supervisors of the organization, as the efficiency of the organization is exceptionally subject to the workers. In the assessment of Imran, (2014), absence of occupation fulfillment will make the efficiency of the organization decline as the representatives won't have the option to convey their best execution level. Thusly, it is vital for the supervisors to embrace procedures that convey the elevated level of occupation fulfillment to its representatives. The activity fulfillment significantly affects the authoritative execution. An association that gives the significant level of occupation fulfillment to its representatives are fruitful in accomplishing high profitability, decrease in the quantity of worker turnover, lesser accidents, limited unionization and high efficiency of the organization (Nicolini Moteiro, 2016). Then again, the exhibition level of the representatives gets diminished when there is an absence of employment fulfillment inside the staffs. The general execution level of the organization is in this manner hampered. (Kogg Mont, 2012). It builds the turnover rate for the representatives as the people don't fit well in the association. The business visionaries of the organization need to recognize and dissect the degree of occupation fulfillment the organization give to its workers to guarantee development in the exhibition of the association to grow further. Administrators job in expanding work fulfillment The directors of the association assume an indispensable job in upgrading the degree of occupation fulfillment gave to the workers. The initial step that the administrators attempt so as to expand work fulfillment is giving a solid and a positive workplace to its representatives. It is essential to comprehend the requirements of the representatives and address those issues to make a propelling workplace. The administrators can utilize the individual acknowledgment apparatus so as to develop inspiration and confidence inside the association. A solitary advance taken by the chiefs can assist with getting immense positive changes the efficiency of the works. Casual festival, positive inputs, little rewards and motivations are the viable path in picking up work fulfillment (Abbas et al., 2014). Different methods of guaranteeing more occupation fulfillment are to urge the workers to contribute their thoughts and proposal in the authoritative exercises. A feeling of proprietorship is conveyed through the procedure that expands the pride to work and consequently builds the activity fulfillment. Besides, the directors lead preparing and work related instruction to expand the degree of occupation fulfillment of the representatives (Park Shaw, 2013). This procedure expands the profitable and the degree of advancement in the workers. Indeed, prepared representatives can comprehend their activity better and thusly has better command over the activity they perform. Prepared staffs require least oversight that diminishes the weight of the chiefs. The client support conveyed via prepared workers is profoundly palatable that assembles client faithfulness for the brand. In addition, to guarantee and parity a successful occupation fulfillment, the administrators need to complete the persistent assessment of employment fulfillment. This causes the chiefs to distinguish the territories of issues that should be tended to and along these lines build up the better arrangement for improving later on. The board speculations and practices that impact work fulfillment The hypotheses, for example, the possibility hypothesis, authoritative natural hypothesis and the framework speculations are a portion of the powerful administration speculations that are utilized by the administrators to impact work fulfillment. The Elfin Cars in Australia is a games vehicle producer that utilizes the possibility hypothesis of authority and framework hypothesis inside its working environment. The administration style permits the supervisors of the organization to meet the inward needs of the organization that supports accomplishing of occupation fulfillment for the workers (Braun et al., 2013). The administration is situational and the directors apply shifts approaches to pick up work fulfillment relying upon the current circumstance of the organization. In this way, the compelling of the degree of occupation fulfillment is accomplished utilizing the possibility hypothesis and the framework hypothesis. Then again, Haighs Chocolates executes the hierarchical natural hypothesis in the association. The authoritative condition hypothesis enables the organization to deal with the business in a coordinated way. The methodology furnishes the organization with an organized setup and a deliberate arrangement to deal with the exercises of the organization (Omotayo, 2015). Accordingly, the representatives can work in a superior way that expands their activity fulfillment level. Qualities and restrictions of specific practices Possibility hypothesis: Points of interest: The possibility hypothesis makes a weight on the administration that assists with making progress in the ventures embraced and making work fulfillment. The hypothesis guarantees power over the workers by appointing work jobs to the representatives. Detriments: The hypothesis is condemned for having restricted writing and being unequipped for completing different hierarchical activities. Also, the hypothesis is perplexing when administrators attempt to actualize it inside the association. There are odds of evading exhaustive investigation of the hypothesis during the absence of time, which may bring about off base results (Hlsheger et al., 2013). Hierarchical condition hypothesis: Points of interest: The hierarchical condition hypothesis is valuable in making relational connections between the workers that expansion work fulfillment. The workers can adjust better to the difficulties in the association which expands the efficiency by keeping them proactive (Card et al., 2012). Burdens: Now and again, the usage of the hypothesis in specific organizations prompts decline in the productivities and exercises become tedious. The capacity of the organization to make changes and respond to the issues lessens that antagonistically influences the organization (Ealias, George, 2012). Framework hypothesis: Focal points: The framework hypothesis offers a coordinated and an all encompassing perspective to the supervisors so as to deal with the entire organization. Legitimate administration further assists with winning higher employment fulfillment. The hypothesis permits interrelation and relationship of the subsystems. The effect of issues happening at one piece of the organization is broke down by the supervisors effectively that encourages them to discover viable arrangements. Inconveniences: There is no particular apparatus for the hypothesis that the supervisors can apply in the working environment. All things considered, the hypothesis is unclear and theoretical that frustrates the use of the hypothesis in the down to earth issues (Imran et al., 2014). End The examination deduces that the supervisors of the organizations assume a fundamental job in expanding the activity fulfillment. The administrators of the organization use speculations, for example, possibility hypothesis, framework hypothesis and hierarchical ecological hypothesis to accomplish work fulfillment by a sound workplace, inputs, prizes, preparing and nonstop assessment of the companys profitability. The instances of the Australian organizations, for example, Elfin Cars and Haighs Chocolates are refered to comprehend the usage and effectiveness of the hypotheses. The qualities and the shortcoming of every hypothesis assess the significance of the speculations in the administration arrangement of the organizations. References Abbas, M., Raja, U., Darr, W., Bouckenooghe, D. (2014). Joined impacts of apparent legislative issues and mental capital on work fulfillment, turnover aims, and performance.Journal of Management,40(7), 1813-1830. Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S., Frey, D. (2013). Transformational authority, work fulfillment, and group execution: A staggered intercession model of trust.The Leadership Quarterly,24(1), 270-283. Card, D., Mas, A., Moretti, E., Saez, E. (2012). Imbalance at work: The impact of friend compensations on work satisfaction.The American Economic Review,102(6), 2981-3003. Ealias, A., George, J. (2012). Enthusiastic insight and employment fulfillment: a correlational study.Research diary of trade and social science,1(4). Hlsheger, U. R., Alberts, H. J., Feinholdt, A., Lang, J. W. (2013). Advantages of care at work: the job of care in feeling guideline, enthusiastic fatigue, and employment satisfaction.Journal of Applied Psychology,98(2), 310. Imran, H., Arif, I., Cheema, S., Azeem, M. (2014). Connection between work fulfillment, work execution, disposition towards work, and hierarchical commitment.Entrepreneurship and advancement the board journal,2(2), 135-144. Kogg, B., Mont, O. (2012). Ecological and social obligation in gracefully chains: The act of decision and between authoritative management.Ecological Economics,83, 154-163. Nicolini, D., Moteiro, P. (2016). The training approach: for a praxeology of authoritative and the board studies.The SAGE Handbook of Process Organization Studies, London: SAGE. Omotayo

Terms :: essays research papers

Work, Bus, Ring, and Star are a wide range of a topology. Every one of these kinds of topology is utilized for explicit network’s yet a few systems can utilizes any mix of the four. A work topology has each station associated with the others. This system is progressively hard to set up however gives a lot of execution and dependability. In a Mesh organize on the off chance that a portion of the system is broken, at that point the bundle being sent will locate a backup course of action to its goal. Work are utilized in Wide Area Networks (WANs) where dependability is significant, this is utilized were the system is little. A transport organize has a solitary link that is the foundation of the framework. Ethernet transport systems are generally simple to introduce and don't require much cabling. Transport systems work best with a set number of gadgets in such a case that a link bombs the whole system successfully gets unusable. Ring topologies, all the gadgets on the system are associated with a typical link, which circles from gadget to gadget. Ring systems are execute in SONET and FDDI rings. Ring systems are quick and straightforward system, in any case if any piece of the ring goes down, the whole system is down. Star topology, every gadget has its own link interfacing the gadget to a typical center point. The center that is the focal association purpose of the system. A disappointment of a link will just bring down one gadget in the system and not the whole system but rather if the center point goes down the whole system is down. Star systems are anything but difficult to execute and broaden, even in huge systems, and disappointment of a non-focal gadget won't effectsly affect the usefulness of the system. This is way numerous organizations use Star systems. Topologies stay a significant piece of system structure. With the comprehension of each sort of topology, any one can plan and construct their own netwok Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, and remote are a wide range of convention. These are a lot of decides that administer the correspondence between gadgets on the system. Ethernet is a convention is the generally broadly utilized. The gadgets tune in to the link before sending anything through the system. Ethernet utilizes a transport or star topology and information move paces of 10 Mbps (10Base-T Ethernet), 100 Base-T (Fast Ethernet) and 1 (Gigabit Ethernet). Token Ring, all gadgets are associated in a ring or star topology where the slightest bit or token is passing plan, this to forestall the impact of information between two gadgets that need to send messages simultaneously.

Social Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Marketing Plan - Essay Example So any reasonable person would agree that the achievement of the organization isn't just in the quantity of clients yet in addition in the utilization of web based life (Drell, 2011, p. 123). Through satisfactory examination on the effect of online networking in showcasing system, the organization has framed its own rule for controlling the cooperation between the organization and its clients. The Coca-Cola Company nearness in online networking is, in this way, extraordinarily imperative in drawing in its clients in the company’s activities and in encouraging productive discussion between the company’s the executives and different partners in the market (Coca-Cola, 2012, p. 37). The exposition beneath along these lines tries to clarify the favorable circumstances and weaknesses of utilizing long range informal communication plan in Coca-Cola Marketing methodology. Coca-Cola brand is an exceptionally esteemed brand in drink and food industry. The brand is generally refer red to for its locale inclusion just as its high deals in worldwide market. Then again, to proceed with its strength in worldwide market, Coca-Cola Company has over the most recent two years effectively included itself in different web based life stage. The company’s commitment in internet based life stage has accordingly shaped the bases for the company’s social promoting plan. ... In these two advancement procedures, the two groups were relied upon to utilize internet based life stages, for example, YouTube Face-book and Twitter to recognize what satisfies individuals on the planet and to report the events of the outing. Members in the two exercises utilized Face book and Twitter to communicate their encounters. The respondents’ remarks were as posted in the Coca-Cola Face-book and Twitter pages Advantages To begin with, the 2010 social promoting plans in Coca Cola Company end up being compelling in the company’s inward and outer activities. Inside, the utilization of internet based life devices activated compelling correspondence between the showcasing group, correspondence office, and open relationship group (Katz, Blumler and Gurevitch, 2004, p. 509). Profitable correspondence between the three groups prompted the formation of a successful advertising system which has so far helped the Coca-Cola brand to be one of the most serious items in wor ldwide market. The company’s current promoting procedure has consolidated customers’ assessments and recommendations. The correspondence division has the order of refreshing the company’s social site and moving the presented criticisms on the branch of open connection and showcasing for activity. Remotely, the two advancement methodologies were also effective in connecting the organization to its clients. The two battles techniques helped the organization contact in excess of 650 million clients in a range of a year. The greater part of the reached clients made a nearby connection with the Coca-Cola brand in this manner propelling the brand notoriety in worldwide market. Then again, the two plans likewise exhibited the inclusion of

Target Market Analysis of a Product for Samsung - myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theTarget Market Analysis of a Product for Samsung. Answer: Presentation The item that has been chosen to choose the suitable customer section is Samsung 78 Curved 4K SUHD HDR Smart LED LCD TV. The division of the buyers of this item will be chosen in the examination. The division will be founded on the psychographic, segment and utilization rate related variables of the purchasers. Investigation of the buyers The shoppers of the result of Samsung will have a place age gathering of 25 or more. The individuals who know about the most recent advances and are pulled in towards the high caliber and significant expense based items will be a piece of the customer fragment of Samsung. The use pace of high innovation based items is high among the clients who have a place with this portion. The Roy Morgans Vale Segment depends on the various portions of shoppers who show various sorts of conduct towards the items that are makes by the organizations. The result of Samsung which is being broke down in the conversation is identified with the clients who have a place with the Socially Aware gathering. These are individuals who put stock in buying the items that depend on the most recent advances (Cross, Belich and Rudelius 2015). These customers are very much educated about the items before they take the choice to buy it. They have the most top to bottom news about the items that are being propelled in the market. These individuals for the most part have a sense identified with social obligation and they attempt to persuade others about the advantages about the new item that is being showcased and presented in the business. Situating guide of Samsung Source Created by creator The significant contenders of Samsung in the high caliber and significant expense extend are LG and Sony. These items give tremendous rivalry to Samsung in the market. The cost related contenders of Samsung then again, are Micromaxx and Panasonic. These organizations give the items same highlights in low costs. Be that as it may, the nature of these items are likewise very low (Dibb and Simkin 2016). References Cross, J.C., Belich, T.J. what's more, Rudelius, W., 2015. How promoting administrators use advertise division: An exploratory examination. InProceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 531-536). Springer, Cham. Dibb, S. furthermore, Simkin, L., 2016. Market division and fragment strategy.Markefing hypothesis: An understudy content, Sage, Los Angeles, pp.251-279.

Are Addictive Behaviors or Activities Real Addictions

Are Addictive Behaviors or Activities Real Addictions May 12, 2019 Jedrzej Kaminski / EyeEm/Getty More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Caffeine Internet Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery We hear a lot about behavioral addictions these days â€" that people can become addicted not only to alcohol or other drugs, but to seemingly innocuous activities such as sex, shopping, video games, gambling, eating, and exercise. But are they really addictions? A central controversy in the field of addiction is whether the so-called “behavioral” addictions â€" addictions to activities such as eating, exercising, sex, video game playing, and gambling â€" are real addictions. But concepts of addiction have changed over the years, and experts vary in their understanding of what an addiction is, so until a consensus is reached, the controversy is likely to continue to some extent. However, much has been learned during the past 15 years, since the last update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) was published. With the next edition just around the corner, we may see a clearer definition of addiction. Current Status The current status of behavioral addictions is undecided. We are on the cusp of a new and long-awaited edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which will incorporate more research and debate than ever before. While a strong movement of addictions professionals and public opinion supports the recognition of addiction to behaviors such as gambling, sex, shopping, video game playing, the internet, eating, and exercise, it remains to be seen whether the American Psychiatric Association (APA), who develop, write and publish the DSM, will bring these addictions together under a new category, or will keep substance-related disorders separate. A new category of Behavioral Addictions has been proposed, as have new diagnostic labels for  hypersexuality, and Binge Eating Disorder. There are advocates â€" as well as naysayers â€" for the inclusion of each of the behavioral addictions as real addictions, but with a few notable exceptions, such as Professor Jim Orford, a clinical psychologist and author of Excessive Appetites, who has long argued for the recognition of a range of addictive behaviors, they tend to focus on one behavior rather than the full range. However, each of the major addictive behaviors mentioned here has had attempts made to formulate diagnostic criteria based on the experiences of those affected, which bear a close resemblance to existing criteria for alcohol and drug dependence and compulsive gambling. Outside of the world of professional psychiatry and psychology, the media has taken on and embraced the concepts of behavioral addictions. Oprah, the most successful, highest-rated talk show in global television history, routinely addresses topics related to a range of addictions. These topics include well-established addictions, such as illicit and prescription drug abuse, behavioral addictions, such as sex addiction and shopping addiction, and other activities that are not usually included in the discussion about addiction, such as self-cutting (often discussed in relation to Borderline Personality Disorder) and plastic surgery. The portrayal of these activities as addictions resonates with both sufferers and the viewing public, and clearly, these shows are in touch with contemporary issues. History The history of the addiction concept is grounded in work with people addicted to alcohol and other drugs. As alcohol and other drugs physically alter peoples brain chemistry, causing a cycle of tolerance and withdrawal that can keep people wanting more and more of the drug, the whole basis of addiction theory rests on the idea of chemical dependence. The toxic effects of alcohol and other drugs on the brain and the rest of the body reinforce the concept of addiction as a disease â€" people who drink a lot and take a large number of drugs for extended periods of time tend to eventually get very ill. But in fact, the disease model of addiction, which focuses on the physiological actions of drugs, was initially intended to reduce the moral judgment of addicts by portraying them as sick rather than evil. And the medical community as a whole is moving towards greater recognition of the role of stress and psychological health in all areas health and wellness. With preventative medicine and patient empowerment being embraced by both professionals and the public as legitimate approaches to addressing healthcare issues, the disease model of addiction is becoming obsolete. Compulsive or pathological gambling is the longest-running contender for the inclusion of behaviors as addictions and was included in the DSM-IV as an impulse control disorder, separate from alcohol and drug dependence. The enormous amount of research that has been conducted into problem gambling, resulting in no small way from the considerable funding provided by the gambling industry, has legitimized gambling as an addiction, and there are few that would argue against this. So if gambling is an addiction, why not other activities that provide certain individuals with the thrill and letdown that characterizes addictive behaviors? Mainly because there has not been the research, driven by associated funding, to adequately support the existence of other addictive behaviors. And the research that does exist is fragmented across many disciplines and areas of interest. And is there a risk associated with the inclusion of otherwise non-problematic behaviors alongside alcohol and drug dependence? There are important arguments on both sides of this debate. Case For The patterns of development of each addiction, the thought process involved, the reward cycle that maintains addictive behaviors, the social and relationship consequences, and the process of recovery have a great deal in common across addictive behaviors. If we recognize that the addiction process itself, rather than the particular substance or behavior, is what is causing the problems that people with addictions face, many difficulties with the current system of classification and treatment can be overcome. Understanding, for example, that it is not gambling  per se  that is causing the gambling addict to lose everything, but a process of avoiding the reality of his situation, allows a therapist to work with him in facing up to, accepting, and improving his life. In the same way, understanding that a drug user, binge eater, excessive exerciser, or obsessive bargain hunter are all using these behaviors to try and avoid the stress of their lives, and in the process, are making things worse, allows therapy to focus on resolving this, rather than fixating on the behavior itself. An inclusive model of addiction also allows us to adequately prepare people for the risk that they will not only relapse to their previous addictive behavior but that they also risk developing another addiction. This common problem is a result of not learning effective coping skills to deal with life stresses, and, with the focus on the previous addictive behavior, to develop the same addictive pattern with another behavior. Treatment approaches, such as the stages of change model and motivational interviewing, are successful in treating addictions of all kinds. Recognition of the addictive process as the primary driving force behind all addictive behaviors, whether they are focused on a substance or an activity, allows many more people to be helped in integrated addictions services. Some of these services already exist, and the inclusion of different addictions in group therapy is highly advantageous to the therapeutic process, as people disengage from the specific behavior and recognize instead what it is doing for them, and how to meet this need in a healthier way. Another positive aspect of the recognition of behavioral addictions as real addictions is that it de-emphasizes the inadequate disease model of addiction, which has run its course and no longer serves its original purpose. Case Against An important argument against the inclusion of a range of behaviors in a concept of addiction is that they may not be addictions. While the patterns might be the same, it is possible that addiction to substances is a completely different process from compulsive behaviors. As Dr. Christopher Fairburn stated: The fact that things are similar or have properties in common does not make them the same. And focussing exclusively on these similarities... distracts from the difference between these behaviors. Another argument against including non-substance behaviors in a theory of addiction is that the physical consequences of alcohol and drug use are so severe that including less harmful activities dilutes the importance of genuine addictions, and makes them more socially acceptable. This trivializes the severity of alcohol and drug dependence, making these substances seem as harmless as spending too much at the mall or overindulging in chocolate cake. Also, some people think that including non-substance activities as addictions means that the term is used so loosely that it could be applied to any behavior, and everyone could be seen to be addicted to something. Jim Orford quotes another psychologist, Hans Eysenck, as saying, I like playing tennis and writing books on psychology; does that mean that I am addicted to tennis and book writing? Where It Stands As we await the DSM-V, the word addiction is part of popular culture. The media continues to use the addiction label to describe excessive behavior, and it is used in everyday language as people seek help for their own excessive behavior, and that of their loved ones. In response to critics of the inclusive addiction approach: Individual and special aspects of each addictive behavior can be addressed while people work on the psychological aspects of their  addiction and can be integrated with medical approaches. The facetious argument that addiction could be applied to anything anyone enjoys is missing the point. It is not enjoying an activity that makes it an addiction, it is engaging in it so excessively that other areas of life suffer. If Hans Eysenck was playing so much tennis that his health and relationships were suffering, absolutely, he could be addicted to tennis playing. The same goes for his book writing. Find Treatment With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Beethovens calling in life - Free Essay Example

Ludwig Van Beethoven was born to be a musician. Beethoven was baptized on December 17, 1770, in Bonn, Germany. Beethovens dad was already a musical composer. His parents wanted to try to make him a musical prodigy, like Mozart, but it didnt work out. By 1783, he was already a player in the Bonn Opera. As a teenager, Beethoven had published his first composition. Mozart once said about Beethoven, this man will make a great name for himself in the world. When Beethoven turned twenty, he met Joseph Haydn, who was a renowned composer. Joseph Haydn took him under his wing. Haydn brought Bethooven to Vienna, Austria to become his student. Some people say that Beethoven is the best composer of all time. He is special because he translates emotion into music. His music was exciting, while songs and sonatas by other composers were bland and without feeling. He was best known for his symphonies. His most famous symphonies are Symphony No.5, Symphony No.9, The Moon Light Sonata, and the Twenty Third Piano Sonata. All of these were very popular during Beethovens life, especially The Moon Light Sonata. Beethoven remains one of the most famous composers of all time. His Fifth Symphony is one of the most recognized classical songs in history. Beethovens life was far from perfect. His mom died when Beethoven was seventeen, and his dad struggled with a drinking problem. Beethoven started going deaf in his twenties. The cause of Beethoven going deaf is still unknown, but people think it may have been from dunking his head in cold water to keep himself awake. It was far easier to compose when he could hear because he could tell the difference between a high note and a low note. So, he formed his songs from the idea of what was high or low. However, after he went deaf some of his greatest works were born. These include The Five Piano Sonatas and The 9th Symphony. Beethoven died from cirrhosis of the liver on March 26, 1827.

Operation Praying Mantis Analysis - 1810 Words

Grant Dentry 10/5/17 Section 2 Operation Praying Mantis Operation Praying Mantis, which occurred on April 16, 1987 was critical point in the history of the United States Navy because it was very instrumental in shaping American history due to it being the largest U.S. Naval action since World War 2. It changed how the United States fought and assessed naval warfare due to multiple grey areas concerning inbound vehicles and deciding when to attack. The operation was also significant to American history because it displayed military might like no other which served as a deterrent to other country’s Navies. Operation Praying Mantis was a significant battle for the United States and I support Symonds’s argument that American history was†¦show more content†¦The frigate â€Å"was also relatively thin-skinned, having only five-eighths of an inch of aluminum alloy between the living spaces and the sea† (Symonds, 268). The Stark was most vulnerable to air attacks, however the ship had a s ystem that could fire a veil of chaff into the air to throw off incoming missiles. On the night of May 17 a few minutes past 8:00 P.M. the Tactical Action Officer, Lieutenant Basil Moncrief, â€Å"received a report from an airborne warning and control system (AWACS) airplane-essentially a flying radar station-that an Iraqi F-1 Mirage fighter had departed Shaibah Military Airport in southern Iraq and was ‘feet wet’ over the Gulf, flying southward toward the Stark’s position† (Symonds, 269). No alarms were set off by the report of this air craft because of the high level of air traffic due to the war. The ship detected the Iraqi air craft on radar when it was two hundred miles out. Once the jet reached 70 miles out from the ship, the Petty Officer in charge of monitoring the radar asked Moncrief if he should send out a warning message but Moncrief said no, and to wait. When the Iraqi jet reached fifty miles out from the frigate, â€Å"Moncrief alerted B rindel (the captain), who directed Moncrief to send out a message on the international air distress frequency demanding identification† (Symonds, 269). Seconds after the warning was sent out, the pilot of the jet launched an Exocet AM39 air-to-surface missile. Shortly after a second missile was fired.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Organic Farming Business Proposal5491 Words   |  22 Pagesreduce pest populations. Examples of beneï ¬ cial insects include minute pirate bugs, big-eyed bugs, and to a lesser extent ladybugs (which tend to ï ¬â€šy away), all of which eat a wide range of pests. Lacewings are also effective, but tend to ï ¬â€šy away. Praying mantis tend to move more slowly and eat less heavily. Parasitoid wasps tend to be effective for their selected prey, but like all small insects can be less effective outdoors because the wind controls their movement. Predatory mites are effective forRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagestyping of the manuscript, Mr Charles Umezude drew the illustrations. I am most grateful to all those who supported this project. Finally, I should like to express my warmest appreciation of the work by Messrs. C.N. and E.I. Madunagu; without their co-operation and courage during a very difficult period this dictionary could not have appeared when it did. No one is better aware than myself of the many shortcomings of this work; it is offered to the world as a beginning rather than an achievement, a stimulus

Could Napoleon Dynamite Have Aspergers - 558 Words

It was hard for me to watch this movie and separate Napoleon’s behaviors from his friends and family members. Many of the things he does and says are like those of the people around him. His overall weirdness was not behavior that I immediately would have identified as Asperger’s, rather someone who is simply a little odd. However, as I continued to watch the movie I was able to find certain examples that could be red flags for Asperger’s. From the very beginning of the movie, it seemed like Napoleon never opened his eyes. They are open just enough to be squinting, and they are rarely directed to be looking at a person. Asperger’s typically come with poor eye contact in social situations, and Napoleon definitely has this characteristic. Even when he is talking directly to someone, he doesn’t have the comfort level to look them in the eye. The second thing is that he is very uncoordinated. He is able to play tetherball, but just barely because he hits it with different amounts of power and so is constantly jumping out of the way. When he goes out to feed Tina the llama, he is awkward about getting the food through the fence to her, and then flings it on the ground in front of her with his fork. He also has an awkward walk that gets especially odd when he runs and is very uncoordinated. The third characteristic that is typical of people with Asperger’s is a lack of interest in the feelings and emotio ns of others. Napoleon makes comments to people that most of us wouldn’t

All Men Are Created Equal Except Women - 1341 Words

The image that is usually placed with feminism is that of a rabid, bra-burning, lesbian running around disclaiming the patriarchy. It could be that of a mid-century housewife complaining about how her only career choices are between teacher and secretary, or even of a woman with a sash and banner walking in front of the White House; preaching about her right to vote. However, this isnt necessarily the case. Ever since the rise of the internet, in the late 20th Century, feminism has had a revival causing it to grow in popularity and spread across forums everywhere. Women are joining this â€Å"third wave† movement to bring an end to the societal injustices that still plague the gender today (qtd. in Haslanger et al.). Feminism currently†¦show more content†¦Laurie observes that the problem is that â€Å"bland sexual performance is still the only power this society grants to young women, and it grants it grudgingly, rushing to judge and humiliate them whenever they cl aim it.†(Penny). Women are being made inferior by the media and society shaming women for using their sexuality, whereas men are encouraged. Feminism would provide women with the ability to use their sexuality however they want without the prejudice that comes to only females who use it. Shaming women for having sex on their own terms is awful, but we also shame them for making choices for their own bodies after they have sex. Abortion is a very controversial problem in America since it terminates the pregnancy of a woman, killing the unborn fetus. However, the mother may not be capable of raising the child herself and therefore makes the decision for the future of herself and the unborn baby. It is currently being pushed that abortion should be made illegal to promote chastity and sex before the woman is ready for the responsibilities of motherhood, however making abortion illegal will also bring many health concerns for the mother: â€Å"Out of desperation, they [women] may seek help from unqualified, unregulated providers who work in unsanitary conditions and provide no post-surgical care. Equally dangerous, women may attempt to induceShow MoreRelatedEqual Rights for Men and Women?1266 Words   |  6 PagesEqual Rights for Men and Women? Do you believe women should have the same rights as men? - Anthony Schifano (California, USA) Lama:   I do believe that women should have the same rights as men because they make up half the society. Sure, I do believe that women should be treated equally and have same rights as men because the only difference between women and men is their sex and biological structure. Saher:   Of course; women and men are equal. 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However, women only gained their rights within t he last 100 years and that famous quote was spoken centuries ago. So does this famous quote only apply to the male gender of our society? It seemed that for the longest time it did until women supposedly gained equal rights. Even though we have the right to vote, and haveRead More Social inequality in 1820s Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pagesbeginning. However, it was only an intention to be socially equal, but not a goal. Social equality or the fact that all men were created equal only applied to the white man. There was no intention in meaning that the blacks and Indians or even the women were equal. In the eyes of the delegates, and the common white majority, blacks, indians, and women were not an issue. To them, it was apparent that blacks were kids, Indians were savages, and women were homemakers. 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Antigone Play versus Remarks Essay - 711 Words

Although the play Antigone was written by Sophocles in ancient Greece, and can be related to essays such as the Remarks at Michigan State published in May 1995. During that, time the world trade center was bombed along with other violent acts across the world with troubles in government leading to security, political changes and social as well. In the play Antigone, the people go through a similar situation where the people are faced with a daunting issue of the main characters judicial trial; which in turn also caused the public to become oppressed by their government, and forced to fall back on their moral beliefs to decide what to make of the situation. That is why the public standing up to problematic government leads to the start of a leader moving beyond their fixed view of the law to progress because of the inability to recognize the public’s standards. In the play Antigone, the female main character finally returns home from a lifetime of wandering with her father o nly to come home to find out that her brothers die, and that she has to bury them. The only exception is that her brother Polyneices has been denied a burial by Creon; yet she still goes against the law and buries Polyneices anyway. This is ultimately Antigone’s downfall because she is unable to accept the burial is illegal, and to add more turmoil she ends up getting locked in a cave as punishment. Correspondingly, the public doesn’t seem to realize that their paranoia and concern about terrorism

On what grounds have Liberals defended democracy Free Essays

Liberals, no matter classical or modern, believe in small state. As Thomas Paine put it: â€Å"Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil†. This concept links nicely with the idea of democracy, which literally means â€Å"rule by people†. We will write a custom essay sample on On what grounds have Liberals defended democracy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Liberals have defended democracy on the grounds that people must have a way of protecting themselves against the government and its actions. This type of democracy is also referred to as protective democracy. Moreover, democracy opens an ability for people to choose. In a pure democracy, for instance, people would vote on every occasion ND policy, hence the core liberal idea of individualism would flourish in its fullest. However, in modern society it is practically impossible to have pure democracy, so we have to resort to participatory democracy. This still support the idea of individualism, as each vote counts towards the end result. Moreover, democracy improves political participation as people know that their voices will be heard. It also encourages political education in order to make the best choice of the candidate, which links with the idea of reason and the core period in liberalism’s history of enlightenment. By being rational and self-seeking, individuals will want the best for themselves, hence they will seek to vote for the candidate that suits their needs and beliefs best, In order to do so, they will have to read, debate or learn about them by other means, which will increase the overall Intelligence of Individuals and therefore help them achieve their full potential, which Is what modern liberals believe is the main function of the government. Talking about modern liberalism, they have also defended democracy on the grounds that It promotes pluralism In our society. Democracy gives many competing groups, such as political parties or pressure groups, a political voice, which connects those to the political system and hence maintains political stability. Stability Is further promoted In terms of Individuals: they all have a vote, and even If their candidate looses the election, a rational Individual will understand that the candidate who won had the majority support. In conclusion, liberals have defended democracy as It adheres to their core principles of Individualism and reason, as well as their view of the role of the government. ICC will increase the overall intelligence of individuals and therefore help them achieve their full potential, which is what modern liberals believe is the main defended democracy on the grounds that it promotes pluralism in our society. Maintains political stability. Stability is further promoted in terms of individuals: they all have a vote, and even if their candidate looses the election, a rational individual libe rals have defended democracy as it adheres to their core principles of individualism and reason, as well as their view of the role of the government. How to cite On what grounds have Liberals defended democracy, Papers

Internal Control Planning Advancement in Technology

Question: Describe about the Internal Control Planning for Advancement in Technology. Answer: Introduction For ensuring smooth working of any business organisation, it is important that all its processes are conducted in proper sequence and all its activities are properly documented. With advancement in technology, the way businesses are conducted, especially the accounting and business transaction s, have also advanced. The day-to-day activities related to sales transactions are also supported by information technology. Therefore, using traditional manual system of transaction recording comes with its own set of risks and threats. The following report outlines the current transaction process of JK Saddlers in the form of system documents which include context diagram and Level 0 (logical) data flow diagram to visually represent the organisations operations. This representation will help in understanding the steps that are involved in the business cashiering process. Further, the report aims to identify the risks associated with the current system of transaction processing and handling. Finally, a control plan to improve the existing system and to mitigate the risks posed by the current cashiering process is described. Part A: Diagrams Context Diagram Figure1: Context Diagram Assumptions: The cashier receives payments through cash as well as through cheques by mail. All the payments (cash/ cheques) received by the cashier are deposited in the bank. Level 0 (logical) DFD Figure 2: Level 0 (logical) DFD Assumptions: Payment is received by customers in the form of cash and cheque (through mail). Cashier maintains two types of receipts book: cash and cheque received and credit card receipts. All the payments (cash/ cheques) received by the cashier are deposited in the bank. Process Map Figure 3: Process Map for Cashiering Process Assumptions: Payment is received by customers in the form of cash and cheque (through mail). Two copies of receipts are made, one for customer and other for business. Part B: Risk Analysis JK Saddlery is a family business making and selling saddlery to farmers and tourists. It also sells directly to retailers as well as on the mail orders from the public. JKs products are very famous in the market. Owner is a traditional business person, so he does not sell over internet, only accepts cash transaction. He sells the product on credit only to reliable customer. The cash flow of the JK saddlery is sound, but he employed only one cashier for all the account handling activities such as accepting payment in cash, by mail and banking transactions. He also maintains two receipts books one for cash and cheques and second for credit card. All the transactions are done by the cashier manually which is risky task for the JK saddlery. Many risks come up with the manual handling of accounting system and banking transactions. Risks associated with Cashiering Process Many risks are associated with cashiering process for the business of JK Saddlery. These risks may arise in the sales transaction, manual recording of transactions, credit sales and banking transaction process. Sales transaction Sales are the major part of the business (Gelinas et al., 2014). Lots of transactions are done in a day and these are recorded in the receipt books of account. In the sales transaction the risks can take place such as, many times cashier entered the transaction that has not been occurred in the business. It leads to the misrepresentations of the accounting transaction in sales ledger. On the other hand where the transaction has been done but it is not recorded by the cashier in the books of accounting. It negatively impact on the financial recording of the transactions. Manual recording of transaction Most of the organization completes the account handling procedure through the computers (Mancini et al., 2013). JK Saddlers all business transactions are recorded manually by the cashier in books. Many transactions occurred in a single day and these are accounted by only one cashier, so he can record the wrong transaction amount and wrong quantity of the products in the account of business. If the transactions of sale is recorded on the other period, such as the transaction is completed in August and recorded on the page of September. This is a risk for the business to match the financial transaction of account or balancing the figure of that time period. On the other hand, many times the classification of accounting item cannot be done accurately and liability transaction is recorded in the asset side. The wrong classification of items distorts the financial statement for JKs business. Risk of accuracy is also associated with the manual recording of the transaction (Porter and Norto n, 2016). All the business transaction of JK Saddlery is done by a single cashier, so he has a burden of work to complete on the time and effectively. In manual recording of transactions it is difficult to tally the amount correctly. The risk of dishonest recording of transactions is also associated with the business. Mailed cheques Mailed cheques can be tempered with which can lead to loss for the company. Also, there is a risk of company account being hacked. Moreover, as single person handles the account, there may be delays in recording the cheque details or the person can skip a cheque payment altogether. Banking transactions Banking transactions contain many risks. The banking transactions are done manually by a cashier, at this time cheques are received by the mail these may be bounce and delay in the payment process. Theft of cash is also a risk for JK Saddlery because it has only one cashier and he goes to bank with cash amount. Sometimes cashier can fill the wrong transaction number in the bank detail, it leads to the loss of money for business. Control plan for JK Saddlery Control plan is a systematic process for a business to improve the efficiency in reporting of account and it also increases reliability of financial statements of the business. Control plan helps in assessing the risk and proceed for mitigating the risk which ultimately improves the effectiveness of accounting system of the business (Mancini, 2013). After assessing the risk of JK Saddlery, it should computerize the accounting and banking process of business. JK Saddlery should adopt the Enterprise Risk Management Model (ERM) to ensure better accounting system. This model helps in fulfilling the organization objectives and attains the financial target (Moeller, 2011). Its major impact is to identify and mitigate accounting risk that can be broadly divided into two categories such as preventive, detective and corrective control and input, processing and output control. Sales transaction risks like recording transaction without actual sales and forgetting to record the transaction that has occurred, can be prevented through the internal control of transaction and then record in the accounting books. If the sales transaction are recorded without transaction for this these process of transaction should be verified (Porter and Norton, 2016). On the other hand, in manual recording of transaction many risks are countered by the business which can be mitigated through the internal corrective plan which helps in correcting the error in accounting transaction. To mitigate the risk of manual transaction business can use the COSO for controlling activities and monitoring the assessment of account. It can also use the XBRL for financial reporting that helps in reducing manipulation of data and to reduce the accounting time. General ledger reporting can also be used for reconciliation of the data. On the other hand, it may adopt the COBIT framework for ensuring integrity and confidentiality of accounting transaction. The risk associated with the payment through mailed cheques can be controlled by providing proper guidance on timely recording the cheque data and training to cashier that how to use the email in the process of payment. The risk of theft for JK Saddlery while depositing cash and cheques at the end of the day can be mitigated by adopting the online procedures for banking transaction of business account. At the time of online transaction, cashier need to verify the account detail and transaction number that helps in maintain the security of banking transactions. Conclusion From the report presented above, it can be concluded that the company adopts a very manual procedure for cashiering process that comes with many risks with respect to recording of data, account handling, managing mailed cheques and conducting banking transactions. Thus, the business needs to appoint one more personnel for helping the cashier in this process. Alternatively, the cashiering process can be computerized using enterprise resource management software like XBRL, COSO, COBIT and likes, which will not only reduce the associated risks with cashiering process but will also increase the reliability of accounting data and reduce the burden of work for the cahier, thereby, leading to fewer mistakes on the part of cashier. This will further help the business in producing reliable financial statements depicting the actual cash flow position without any risk of fraud, dishonesty and recording error. Reference Gelinas, U.J., Dull. R. B. and Wheeler, P. (2014) Accounting Information System. USA: Cengage Learning. Mancini, D.M., Vaassen, E.H.J. and Dameri, R.P. (2013) Accounting Information System for Decision Making. Germany: Springer Science Business Media. Moeller, R. R. (2011) COSO Enterprises Risk management: Establishing Effective Governance, Risk and Compliance (GRC) processes. USA: John Wiley Sons. Fraser, J., Simkins, B. and Narvaez, K. (2014) Implementing Enterprise Risk Management: Case Studies and Best Practices. USA: John Wiley Sons. Hall, J.A. (2012)Accounting information systems. USA: Cengage Learning. Porter, G.A.and Norton, C.L. (2016) Financial Accounting: the Impact on Decision Maker. USA: Cengage Learning.

Leadership Ever Changing Concept

Question: Describe about the Leadership for Ever Changing Concept. Answer: Leadership is an ever-changing concept that structures a human character in which it leads the group of people connected in term of work and profession. Hence, development of a personal leadership model is necessary for any management student to seek a better control over the workforce. On the other hand, personal leadership model is helpful in develop personal skills and knowledge that are required to communicate with other and influence them to perform well (Scott, Jaffe and Scott, 2015). The three areas of leadership that are focused through my personal leadership development model are Ethics, Teamwork, and Management. I have found these areas to be the key to success for a leader. On the other hand, these three areas of leadership have been identified as core part of leaders life that helps them to develop personal skills and experience to work with a team (Scott, Jaffe and Scott, 2015). Hence, the essay has been prepared to discuss my personal leadership model that focuses on et hics, teamwork and management to develop myself as a quality leader. Through the identification of personal standings, I have identified creditability, communication skills, vision, innovation, traits and strong relationship building as the primary organising ideas of my leadership model based on ethics, teamwork and management. In order to influence the productivity of the workforce, communication skill has been identified as one of the crucial skills for a leadership model. On the other hand, the quality of creditability has been efficiently utilised to convince the subordinates to pursue higher ranks at workplace providing greater responsibility (Engbers, 2016). Apparently, a tactical leader must promote innovation and traits within the leadership model by setting examples to the rest of the employees to be followed. By developing a strong relationship with the organisational subordinates, an efficient leader can influence the performance of the workforce in a positive manner. As far as organising issues are concerned in the personal leadership mod el, employee satisfaction and confidence building can be identified as the two principal drawbacks (Piasecki, Fletcher and Mendelson, 2009). The primary trait that must exist within a leader is the effective communication capability and judgement skills. It is important for a leader to understand his team members and judge their capabilities to provide them with appropriate roles. I must follow certain ethical practices that will help me to develop a better relationship with by team members (Nice, 2008). On the other hand, it is important for me to understand and judge my team mates by continuously interacting with them and conducting a debate session regarding any issues going on in the public or related to work. Furthermore, the regular interaction and understanding of team mates helps to develop good relationship and motivate them to perform better. It further helps in planning the roles and responsibilities that are to be played by each member of the team. Hence, according to me, the primary traits of a leader are to be a jolly person with good interactive skills (Fisher, 2010). Furthermore, the leader must have the s kills of multi-cultural communication, good knowledge of the business and workforce. Finally, an effective leader must monitor the performance of its team mates by continuously interacting with them and sharing their feedbacks and experiences. The leadership model that I have chosen emphasises on establishing a good relationship between a cross cultural team. Furthermore, it aims to manage a diversified workforce that differentiates in terms of practices, belief and moral thoughts. Along with that, the core value of the model to is to improve teamwork by motivating each member to participate in the activities (Fisher, 2010). On the other hand, the model emphasises on respecting individual thoughts and participation in the group activities. Hence, the core value of the model is to establish a good relationship and understanding among the group that will increase the efficiency and productivity of the team. It can be seen that the leadership model focuses on understanding the skills and knowledge of the group members. On the other hand, it helps to observe the thoughts of every member of the group by respecting their feedbacks and implementing their ideas while planning the strategies. According to me, the identified leadership model will develop a strong relationship in the group by honouring individual practices and ideas (Rayner and Adam-Smith, 2009). A regular interaction with the group members regarding personal problems and issues related to work helps to develop better bonding among the leaders and participants. On the other hand, continuous and interactive communication provides solution to major problems that reduces the chances of occurrence of uncertainties while managing a large group (Kouzes and Posner, 2012). Hence, the relationship among the group will be benefited by using the leadership model that focuses on three major areas such as ethics, teamwork and management. The shared values and beliefs governing the workforce are interestingly combined to promote sustainability. Through the identification of the importance of organisational culture within the workforces performance standpoint, management of the firm has created a strong influence on the corporate staffs dictating the level of performance. Moreover, the current administration has promoted innovation in the business strategies so that each of the members of the organisation can communicate a vision leading to organisations long-term success (Aleksander, 2016). Currently, the culture of the organisation promotes sharing information and knowledge among the groups to achieve the overall business objective of the firm. Invariably, effective communication resources such as ICTs have been utilised among the organisation so that the staffs can be identified about their responsibility and contribution towards the success of the enterprise (O'Leary, 2013). Meanwhile, in the existing scenario, the current organisational culture of the firm lacks leadership traits, to say the least. The leadership practiced in my model is seeking to achieve a higher performance of the team members. It aims to develop a good understanding among the group members by regular interaction of problems and issues. On the other hand, the model aims to respect the ethics and moral practices of each member (Rayner and Adam-Smith, 2009). Furthermore, I will use the leadership model to understand and judge the capabilities of my team members in order to allocate them with proper roles and responsibilities. The model will help me to create a flexible work arrangement and develop good relationship with the team members (Leavy, 2012). Hence, it can be said that the model aims to eliminate conflict between the group members and deliver a better team performance. Under the existing circumstances, the current leadership model has been identified as somewhat different from my suitability of leadership model. Understandably, the management of the firm values ethics in their leadership model but pay less attention to teamwork, leadership theory and management ideas (Okoth-Okombo, 2011). Conversely, the current leadership model of the enterprise works on the basis of multiculturalism, traditional philosophy and power of the management. In order to improve the performance standards, the leadership model must identify the effect of human psychology on the job. By promoting intrinsic and extrinsic benefits through performance management system, leaders can influence the performance of the subordinates by a great deal. On the basis of statutory evidence, corporate leadership is not all about showing the power of the management (Earley and Bubb, 2014). By utilising the personal traits of significant leadership style, organisational leaders must set tea mwork and management of the group at highest precedence level. On the basis of classic leadership practices, a professional leader must identify his strengths and weaknesses in managing the business. As far as my standpoint, the best leadership practices have started outside the work environment. In order to apply the leadership model on a personal stance, a leader must identify his obligations and responsibility towards the organisation and its people. For effective management of workforce, credit to the leaders must be shared with the subordinates so that the workforce can be influenced in an encouraging way. By following the social ethics and integrity, a strong bonding must be set up with the workforce so that extra responsibility can be shared with others (Einarsen, Aasland and Skogstad, 2007). Thus, a leader can promote teamwork in the best possible way. By identifying the opportunities to improve, significant staff training and development programmes must be arranged increasing the productivity of the employees. Clearly, by encouraging go od decision-making and avoiding deliberation, a genuine leader can personally apply the art of leadership model for the betterment of the organisation. In leadership model, the susceptibility of power can contribute to the downfall of a leader. In order to develop a sustainable position among the workforce, there are subtle decisions to be taken into consideration for better productivity of the workforce. There is a significant difference between leadership and management that must be highlighted through the identified leadership model of any leader. Apparently, the organising ideas of a leader such as personal traits, vision, creditability and skills must be included within the personal leadership model promoting the best areas of leadership such as ethics, management, and teamwork. Through the identification of latest leadership strategies and concepts, a prominent leader can classify the benefits of interactions with the organisational subordinates for long-term management perspective. Moreover, a strong leader must lead by examples for the rest of the employees to be followed for further sustainability of the organisation. References Aleksander, I. (2016). Managing for Innovation Leading Technical People.J Inf Technol, 1(4), pp.61-62. Earley, P. and Bubb, S. (2014).Leading and managing continuing professional development. London: P. Chapman. Einarsen, S., Aasland, M. and Skogstad, A. (2007). Destructive leadership behaviour: A definition and conceptual model.The Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), pp.207-216. Engbers, T. (2016). Student Leadership Programming Model Revisited.Journal of Leadership Education, 5(3), pp.1-14. Fisher, K. (2010).Leading self-directed work teams. New York: McGraw-Hill. Kouzes, J. and Posner, B. (2012).The leadership challenge. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Leavy, B. (2012). Updating a classic formula for strategic success: focus, alignment, repeatability and leadership.Strategy Leadership, 41(1), pp.18-28. Nice, D. (2008). The warrior model of leadership: Classic perspectives and contemporary relevance.The Leadership Quarterly, 9(3), pp.321-332. Okoth-Okombo, D. (2011).Challenging the rulers. Nairobi, Kenya: East African Educational Publishers Ltd. in partnership with Community Aid International. O'Leary, D. (2013). Leading, managing and developing people.Action Learning: Research and Practice, 10(1), pp.79-83. Piasecki, B., Fletcher, K. and Mendelson, F. (2009).Environmental management and business strategy. New York: John Wiley. Rayner, C. and Adam-Smith, D. (2009).Managing and leading people. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Scott, C., Jaffe, D. and Scott, C. (2015).Managing change at work. Menlo Park, Calif.: Crisp Publications.

AP US History Essay Topics

AP US History Essay TopicsIf you are a history major who wants to put your AP US History essay topics together in order to show your ability to use the subject and content in a more creative way, there are many ways that you can go about this. The following are some of the things that you will want to remember.Make sure that your topic covers what the topics of your AP US History essay topics are. It is not difficult to do this, but you need to find out what they are in order to get your essays done. For example, if you were writing about military strategy and evolution, you would not want to write a biography of Henry M. Jackson.That being said, you should still make sure that your topic is current. This is very important because many students will not find current topics very interesting. They just want to focus on the subjects that you researched and wrote about.You should also do your best to relate your topic to the topics that you wrote about in your AP US History essay topics. This will help you if you ever have the opportunity to read them again when you are writing an AP US History essay.When it comes to your grammar, keep it simple and clear. Do not let your topic sound long. This will only make the rest of your AP US History essay topics seem long and confusing to the reader.You will want to make sure that you cover all of the things that you need to about your topic. However, you should make sure that you show how your essay topics are able to use the content in a more creative way.Do not make the mistake of trying to cram too much in your AP US History essay topics. However, if you just want to do a history of the United States and put a few different topics in there, do this.

Tivo a Case Study Essay Example For Students

Tivo: a Case Study Essay The case study was all about the launch of TiVo and the consumer behavior around the product. TiVo was launched in 1999 and didn’t quite receive the response the company had hoped for. As a result the marketing team led an effort to further understand the nature of TiVo’s appeal for existing and potential customers and to encourage other participators such as advertisers and television network to take accountability for TiVo’s relevance in the lives of consumers. The bulk of TiVo’s customer base went from young males to affluent families with the children. The consumer behavior illustrated by the case was all about changing attitudes to reflect perceived enhancements in lifestyle. TiVo users quickly formed emotional attachments to the products as they came to the products as improving their relationships with their families and saving them time for things they enjoyed. A large part of this case study involved consumers as individuals and their attitudes toward TiVo. We will write a custom essay on Tivo: a Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now After launching in 1999, TiVo received lackluster sales attributed to not only lack of awareness, but just an overall lack of relevant meaning and definition. The TiVo marketing team saw this as a chance to change consumer attitude and reposition the brand in the marketplace as a smart, friendly service that could improve user lifestyle. TiVo recognized early on that users viewed their product as more than just a technology, and even held deep emotional responses to. The attitude is made up of three components: affect, behavior, and cognition and marketers believed there was a gap between cognition and behavior in TiVo consumers: a gap between what consumers understood and what they acted upon. In 2001 TiVo conducted an attitude survey, which they intended to go beyond previous surveys to together information about the deeper impact of TiVo on people’s lives. The survey confirmed that the marketing team had positioned themselves in the market as a life enhancing product and managed to change consumer’s attitudes: 77. % believed TiVo had made their life better in some shape or form. I think there is such a sharp contrast between the inertia of prospects and the evangelical zeal of TiVo users because prospects are still viewing TiVo as a frivolous, unnecessary want or desire and not a basic need. The TiVo user switched from an early, young male adopter to affluent consumers with families who before probably couldn’t watch TV in the manner that they desired, TiVo fixed this problem and now has become a basic necessity for them, something that makes their lives easier. A â€Å"couch potato† might site his or her reluctance to buy TiVo as not seeing a need for it. The couch potato might not see a need for TiVo beyond recording something, which they already watching or could record with a VCR. For these users TiVo should emphasize the ability of the user to fast forward through boring commercials, pause and play at their own convenience, and reward their favorite parts. Today the company could appeal to couch potato prospects as a device that would allow them to â€Å"do it all† with just one box on the comfort of their couch: cable, movies, web, and music. An â€Å"evangelist† might list a cause of reluctance from their friend as a perceived fear of user friendliness. Some people might view the device as intimidating; especially those who don’t see themselves as being technologically savvy. In looking at the fact that 38% of TiVo users report an annual income of $100,000 and higher supports the hypothesis that TiVo is viewed as more of a frivolous want and not a need. This high income is obviously over represented when compared to overall U. S. population; the average person is going to have less of a disposable income. .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b , .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b .postImageUrl , .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b , .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b:hover , .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b:visited , .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b:active { border:0!important; } .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b:active , .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u17aafa9c71daa49ce9f8e9b4ac3ec24b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Today's Woman Vs. Yesterday's EssayThe statistics on education also support my hypothesis about prospects being intimidated by user-friendliness. In 2001 48% of TiVo users reported having a completed college degree of some sort, this over represents itself by 140% in the overall U. S. population. TiVo users seem to be more interested in electronics and science and technology, which supports the hypothesis that they are probably perceived as more technologically savvy than the average prospect. Other insights derived from the data are that TiVo users seem to do a lot more traveling than the average American. This could improve the growth of TiVo by directing them in what areas and locations to place advertisements. Airports would be a great location to place print ads or maybe even hold product demonstrations for travelers who are laid over and have time to kill. As it tried to grow into a mass brand TiVo faced several challenges. The first challenge was creating awareness of not only the brand, but the product as well. In their efforts to create a buzz the TiVo marketing team soon found the challenge of even defining and transmitting clear and relevant meaning for TiVo. Although Microsoft early on was thought to be a threat, their dropping out of the market proved to harm TiVo as they no longer had a large and reputable corporation to promote the category and create even more awareness. In the form of competition TiVo probably lost a lot of market share when ReplayTV re-entered the market with high-end PVRs and their promise to produce a line of affordable PVRs for the mass market. The fact that TiVo was once exclusively sold through Best Buy probably hurt the company in the beginning as well.

Comparing IFRS to GAAP Brandi A Collins Essays - Free Essays

Comparing IFRS to GAAP Brandi A Collins Essays - Free Essays Comparing IFRS to GAAP ACC/291 April 27, 2015 Comparing IFRS to GAAP Essay Both the FASB and the IASB together moving to the fair value capacity for the financial instruments. FASB and ISAB both want to move towards a fair value capacity. Both the FASB and IASB believe in the fair value capacity to produce a more precise explanation for the companys financial records. Theres a difference in opinions between the two agreeing and disagreeing on the aspects like as, the banks doubting the system will make it easy to guesstimate accurately since the fair value is done by estimation. To answer their differences they have decided to meet on mutual grounds by concealing the fair value information of the financial reports in transcripts as well as permitting the companys relatively than require them to record some of their financials at fair values in their financial statements. The usage of fair value is a replacement for the historical cost method. Element depreciation is any detailed part of a depreciable asset that has different estimated useful lives. Element depreciation should be distinctly depreciated and is allowed to be used by the IFRS but the GAAP will very rarely us component depreciation. This should be used to view the depreciation as a distribution of cost over the assets useful life. Each asset should be depreciated distinctly for certain groups although seldom one asset will equal a number of other assets making it whole. This is irregular, and becoming one asset would only allow their own useful life. IFRS will allow revision of plant assets to their fair value at the date of reporting. Any company that decides to use the revision framework must follow the procedures if the revision, when the company does choose to use the revision it must be useful to all these assets within the same class. If the assets are suffering a rapid price change they must then be upped at an annual rate. Product development imbursements can be logged as development expenses while others are logged as development costs. The difference between development cost and development expenses is that a cost is used when an expense is made for imports to develop assets and assets for imports such as land purchased will remain an asset to the company as long as they own it. A cost would be something the company purchases that will devalue such as a vehicle for the company that will continue to devalue as time passes. The IFRS will outline contingent liability as a possible requirement that is not recognized by the financial reports, they may however be exposed if a certain criteria is met. A liable liability could be something from the companys past such as a law suit depending on the ending of the lawsuit. The company will have liability or no liability at all. For the IFRS, they use necessities which are also defined as a liability that is of tentative timing and amount, these can be employee vacation pay, warrantys and any anticipated loss . The alteration between GAAP and IFRS are slight in regards to accounting for their liabilities. GAAP for example, will list their liabilities and assets in the priority of their liquidity. Not all companys follow GAAP and will list their liabilities prior to their assets and may show their long term liabilities previous to their current liabilities. IFRS will require the effective-interest process when they are remunerating the bond discounts and premiums, while GAAP will allow the use of the straight- line method, and IFRS will not distinguish the bond at a premium or discount they must be known at by the net amount of the bond. In respects to the ideal stock the IFRS and GAAP both will require the preferred stock to be redeemed at a specific time in the future as well as be reported as a debt. In conclusion there are a lot of comparisons in the GAAP and the IFRS, though it seems that the IFRS may be somewhat more open on their practices and require more while the GAAP will rarely use some of the practices that the IFRS will use. References: Financial accounting 7e, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2013), required text book reading

Gambling in Cyberspace the Ethical Dilemma Essay

Gambling in Cyberspace the Ethical Dilemma - Essay Example With the technological advancements, it has become increasingly important to understand ethics related to this phenomenon such as concerning privacy and security issues (Lim, 2007). Online gambling has emerged as one of the most debated issues when the ethics of information technology is discussed. This can be attributed to the fact that gaming industry has started to sweep across the American nation, and as such, a flood of ethical issues has been in tandem with it (Ho?rnle and Zammit, 2010). This paper will discuss the ethical dilemma of gambling in cyberspace. Introduction Online gambling is officially considered to have started on 18 August 1995 when Internet Casinos Inc. put the first virtual casino upon the internet. This site offered 18 different online gambling games. The online gambling industry gained prominence and in less than four years, it had exploded. It is estimated that in 1996 alone, about $1.2 million had been wagered online. It was estimated that this amount had increased to $10 billion annually by 2000 (Dunnington, 2003). Online gambling has grown over the years to have an effect on many people and spheres of the American society. For example, a number of states in recent years have taken it upon themselves in implementing commercial casinos in order to generate takes, as well as provide monetary relief for state governments facing budget deficits. It has however been observed that gambling has led to addiction thus raising ethical issues in the society (Spapens, Littler and Fijnaut, 2008). It is argued that it has led to increase in crime, as well as social and psychological problems associated directly with losing. Nonetheless, from an economic point of view, online gambling help to create jobs and generate taxes for state governments. It is estimated that gambling industry influences about one million are directly or indirectly. As such, while it presents some ethical issues, there are economic benefits to justify it. It is because of t his reason that there has been ethical dilemma regarding gambling, and more particularly about online gaming (Gainsbury, 2012). Primarily, there are two main standpoints for the ethical dilemma of gambling in cyberspace: the arguments against online gambling and arguments made for online gambling. The opponents of online gaming argue that it further confuses the legality issue, as it blurs the line between illegal and legal gambling. Different states have varying position on gambling and therefore confusion reigns from one state to another on varying extent (Ho?rnle and Zammit, 2010). According to available data, 48 states have certain forms of legalized gambling such as casino games, racetracks, and lotteries. However, they lack or have little consistency in gambling laws. Some states have outlawed casino gambling but have made them legal based on reservations. The critics of online gambling further argue that it breeds addiction. In some cases, online gaming has been criticized of giving access to millions of people who would otherwise not have access to such amount of money. Therefore, it has led the society to have more gamblers and so more addicts of gambling (Harrison, 2000). The consequence of this has been that some people have even sacrificed their homes and jobs over the need of paying off gambling debts. This has caused depression and stress on the affected individuals

Substance Dualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Substance Dualism - Essay Example This essay discusses that pertinent questions regarding mind-body processes are the ontological and the causal question. The former attempts to establish what amounts to mental state and to physical state, while the latter attempts to establish whether either of these states influence one another, and the manner in which such influence, if it exists, is achieved. Substance dualism addresses these questions by observing that properties describe objects, hence the existence of one makes the other inexcusable. A normal human being is thus made up of two substances, the first being the body, and the other being the person, which refers to the mind and is logically synonymous to the soul. Definition of the latter transcends thought and consciousness, as noted by Descartes, yet it remains plausible to say that the person and the body have dissimilar identities, hence are different substances.This research highlights that  the argument for substance dualism rests with Descartes conception s that the essence of mind is thought while that of the body is extension, with the resulting duality being reminiscent of the duality of substances.  The first premise is rather direct since it espouses that if two objects say x and y are identical, then they must be the same object, which implies that one cannot exist without the other.  Denying the co-existence would mean denying the very first relationship, that of identity.

Karyotype Analysis to Detect Cancer

Karyotype Analysis to Detect Cancer Abstract A complete set of metaphase chromosomes is called a karyotype. It is widely used to detect the chromosomal abnormalities that are related to the genetic diseases and various type of cancer. As the biomedical science advances, various kinds of techniques are introduced to analyze the human karyotype. These karyotype analyse are widely used in genetic counselling to minimize the risk of having unfortunate abnormalities that can cause serious limitation on quality of life. So, nowadays individual and families are realized the necessity to implement the genetic testing. Introduction In genetic counselling, knowledge of karyotype analysis is greatly used to determine the heritable diseases including cancer. Moreover, pedigree construction based on Mendelian principles was used in days gone by the determinable pattern of inheritance. In recent years, FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization), PCR (polymerase chain reaction), CGH (comparative genomic hybridization) and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) arrays have been developed and hold a promising future for human genetics. Among them FISH is the most currently diagnostic tool for the various chromosomal aberrations that can be visible in karyotype analysis. The most tested chromosomes are 13, 18, 21, 22, X and Y that account for 85% of chromosomal abnormalities (Rodrigo et al., 2010). But now, genetic scientists have carried out all the approaches towards chromosome analysis. On the other hand, with the high risk society is greatly interested to do pre pregnancy counselling to reduce the heritable defective g enes for the next generation. Therefore, use of karyotype analysis has been more and more improved in genetic counselling for the screening and diagnosis as well as for treatment and prevention. Karyotyping Karyotype construction and analysis is the powerful diagnostic method to identify the chromosomal studies in human genetics. Karyotyping is usually done at the metaphase of cell cycle in which the chromosome structure is the most condensed. Therefore, it is easier to identify the complete set of metaphase chromosomes (Nie et al., 1998). There are 46 chromosomes in humans (22 autosome pairs and sex chromosomes). Karyotypes show the number of chromosomes, the sex chromosome content, the presence or absence of individual chromosomes and the nature and extent of any structural abnormalities. Karyotyping can be accessed under a microscope to examine the number and structural variants which must be size of 3 Mb or more. Only DNA sequencing can observe smaller alterations (Klein and Tibboel, 2010). Chromosomes in all human karyotype are divided into seven categories depending on their size and on their bands after staining procedure. Each group is arranged into A to G defined by size and centromere position. These banding patterns help to identify specific defect regions on the chromosome. Thus, any defect in chromosome region can be described as accurately. For example; 1q2.4 defines chromosome number 1, q arm, region 2 and the banding 4 (Trask, 2002). Method For karyotype construction, the specimen can be taken from the white blood cell, skin cells, amniotic fluid cells and chorionic villus cells. Then the cells are prepared to enter mitosis and arrested in the stage of metaphase. Moreover, these preparations are treated with trypsin and staining to obtain the banding pattern. After that, a video camera attached microscope directly sends the images to the computer to generate the karyotypes (Yang et al., 2000). Generally, the karyotype can be used to determine if chromosome of an adult has an abnormality or defect that can be passed on to a child. The origin of complex chromosomal defects is identified by using standard G-banding procedures, fluorescent staining, FISH and CGH. FISH is a recent technology to detect the specific chromosome structure by using particular DNA probes. This method is more accurate and enables the detection of micro-deletions and exact break points involved in each chromosome (Ligon et al., 2007). The karyotype analysis is of benefit to pregnant women at the age of 35 and having the history of a previous child with a defect. Because the risk of chromosome abnormalities is dramatically increased in advanced maternal age and if the mother is an X-linked carrier, the recurrent risk is 1 to 2%. Therefore, antenatal screening tests including karyotyping are carried out to pregnant women who are older than 35 years and those with family history of chromosomal abnormalities. Different tests are done in different stages of pregnancy. In first trimester, these high risk mothers are conducted by non-invasive procedures like high resolution ultrasound for nuchal translucency and PAPP-A (pregnancy associated plasma protein A) for trisomy 21 to exclude the major chromosomal abnormalities. Then triple test consisting of a serum ÃŽÂ ±-fetoprotein, unconjugated oestradiol and human chorionic gonadotrophin is usually carried out in second trimester. If the abnormalities are detected, it is necessary to continue some invasive procedures like chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis for cytogenetic testing. Chorionic villus sampling is offered at 11-13 weeks of pregnancy, Amniocentesis is done at 15 weeks and fetal blood sampling is carried out at 18-22 weeks of pregnancy. Although all these procedures carry the risk of miscarriage, they are suitable for chromosomal and DNA analysis (Callen et al., 1988). Particularly for the detection of trisomies in chromosome 13, 18, 21, X and Y because which account for more than 85% of all fetal aneuploidies. As a benefit, if a couple has a known risk to offspring, they can choose options to avoid or plan further pregnancy. If the male partner is affected, the couple has the option for artificial insemination of sperm from a donor. If the female is affected with a dominant condition or is an X-linked carrier, the couple has the option for egg donation from another female. Moreover, a relatively new procedure is pre-implantation genetic diagnosis. Initially, this process requires in vitro fertilization. If fertilization occurred, one cell is removed from the stage of the blastocyst and then investigated for the chromosomal disorder. If there is no defect, it will be returned to the uterus (Fukuda et al., 2007). In the molecular genetics, DNA testing is divided into four main categories which are diagnostic testing, carrier detection, pre symptomatic testing for adult onset diseases and prenatal diagnosis. In genetic counselling, karyotype analysis is widely used in carrier detection incase of balanced translocation carrier, autosomal dominant recessive, X-linked female carrier disorder in order to evaluate the risk of having an affected child. Furthermore, karyotyping can be used as a pre symptomatic or predictive test in some individuals who are at risk of an adult onset disorder to determine whether or not they carry the mutated gene for these disorders. This test is of value for autosomal dominant condition because of having a chance is of 50% if one parent is affected. Familial adenomatous polyposis, colon cancer and Huntington disease are the examples of autosomal dominant (Bodmer et al., 1991). Chromosomal aberrations Abnormalities of the chromosomes which are large enough to be visible under the light microscope are termed chromosomal aberrations. They are usually classified into numerical and structural aberrations. A numerical aberration is the disordering of chromosomes due to error in separation of the chromosome in cell division. Aneuploidy represents gain or loss of a specific whole chromosome due to failure of a paired chromosome in meiosis. The one with an extra copy of a chromosome is called trisomy and the one with a missing copy of that chromosome is called monosomy. These can be seen in either autosomes or sex chromosomes. Autosomal trisomy will result in early miscarriage and monosomy of an autosomal chromosome is not compactable with life. Autosomal trisomy is associated with increased maternal age (Harper et al., 1995). Similarly, polyploidy represents a complete extra set of chromosomes due to fertilization by two sperms (dispermy) or failure in maturation divisions of either the eggs or the sperm. For examples, triploidy and tetraploidy depending on the number of extra sets of chromosomes. Triplody occurs in 2% of all conceptions but early spontaneous abortion is usual (Munne and Cohen, 1998). Aneuploidy of the autosome The most commonly seen autosomal aneuploidies are trisomy 21-Downs syndrome, trisomy 18-Edwards syndrome, trisomy 13-Pataus syndrome. Sex chromosomal aneuploidies are Klinefelter syndrome and XYY syndrome in male and Triple X syndrome and Turner syndrome in female. Autosomal monosomy is mostly lethal and autosomal trisomy is relatively common (Rodrigo et al., 2010). The kayotype of Downs syndrome is 47, XX/XY, +21 that is an extra copy of chromosome at chromosome number 21. The disease incidence is 1 in 900 live births if the mother age is at 30 and is strongly correlation with advancing maternal age. More than 90 percent of cases are maternal in origin and are caused by non-disjunction in maternal meiosis 1. The affected children are born with sever hypotonia (floppy) and also show characteristic facies of upward sloping of eyes, small ears and protruding tongue. 40-45% of the patients are presenting with congenital cardiac abnormalities and serious limitation of IQ scores ranging from 25-75. The average life span is 50-60 year if the affected one does not have severe cardiac problems. Most of the patients suffer from Alzheimer disease in later life because of a gene dosage effect of amyloid precursor protein on chromosome 21(Wald et al., 1997). The karyotype of Patau syndrome is 47, XX/XY, +13 and of Edward syndrome is 47, XX/XY, +18. Patau and Edward syndrome share many clinical features in common and are usually found at the time of doing cytogenetic analysis in malformed children. They both show the incidence of 1 in 50,000 and convey a very poor prognosis, with most affected infants dying during the early life. Approximately 60% of cases are caused by non-disjunction and 10% of cases are resulted from mosiacism or unbalanced rearrangement. The recurrence risk is less than 1% if the parent is not a carrier of a balanced translocation (Massiah et al., 2008, Rasmussen et al., 2003). Aneuploidy of the sex chromosome Aneuploidy of the sex chromosomes is more common than the autosomal aneuploidy but has less impact. Unlike the autosomes, monosomy for the Y chromosome is always lethal whereas monosomy for the X chromosome is a viable condition. The commonest syndromes that have ever been seen in the clinical setting are Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Triple X syndrome and XYY syndrome (Smith et al., 1960). The karyotype of Klinefelter syndrome is 47, XXY. The additional X chromosome of maternal origin is 56% and paternal is 44%. It usually arises from non-disjunction at either the first or second meiotic division (Lamb et al., 1996). For example, if the father produces XY sperm it can cross over with the maternal X ovum to produce XXY. Overall the birth incidence of 47, XXY is 1 in 1000 male with an increased risk at maternal age and azoospermatic infertile males (Steinberger et al., 1965). This is the single commonest cause of hypogonadism and infertility in male. The other clinical findings include learning difficulties, gynecomastia and taller than average with long lower limbs. There is increased incidence of carcinoma breast and osteoporosis in adult life. But it can be treated with testosterone from puberty onwards and fertility has been achieved by using the techniques of testicular sperm aspiration and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in a small number of affected males. Monosomy of the X chromosome results in Turner syndrome, 45, XO karyotype due to non-disjunction in either parent. It is estimated that 1% of all conception from which 95 to 99% of all 45, XO embryos die before birth. Therefore, the incidence of live birth is very low ranging from 1 in 5000 to 1 in 10,000. It is being detected by routine ultrasound scan during second trimester showing the residue of intrauterine edema with neck webbing. They have significant defects in height, sexual development and fertility but there is no mental retardation (David et al., 1986). The short stature is apparent without growth hormone treatment and it is due to haploinsufficiency of the SHOX gene on the pseudoautosomal region. For the management of infertility, estrogen therapy should be started at adolescence for the development of secondary sexual characteristics and in-vitro fertilization using donor eggs offers the prospect of pregnancy. The karyotype of the super female syndrome is 47, XXX which is also known as triple X syndrome. It usually appears as physically normal but 15- 25% are mildly mentally handicapped and quite oppositional behavior. About three quarters of the affected females are fertile of which one- half of their offspring would expect to have this syndrome (Michalak et al., 1983). Many studies have shown that the additional X chromosome is of maternal in origin in 95% of the cases due to error in meiosis I. Furthermore, another karyotype defect associated with personality disorder is 47, XYY syndrome. It was firstly noted in 1965 in a cytogenetic survey in males for violent and dangerous antisocial behavior and about 4.5% of the males in this survey were shown as XYY karyotype. The frequency of having this characteristic karyotype in the general population is 1 in 1000 birth according to the sub-sequent studies. The recurrence risk for the offspring would be 2XXY : 2XY : 1XX : 1XYY due to production of YY sperm at the second meiotic division or post-fertilization non-disjunction of the Y (Staessen et al., 2003). Structural aberration is the disordering of the structure and shape of the chromosome resulting from chromosomal breakage and error in rejoining mechanisms. Translocation is the transfer of chromosomal material between non-homologous chromosomes but there is no DNA loss. Three recognizable translocations are reciprocal, centric fusion (Robertsonian) and insertion. The one important thing in translocation is the balanced reciprocal translocation which occurs in two non-homologus chromosomes (Michael and Malcolm, 1997). In a normal population, 1 in 500 is known balanced carriers and they are clinically healthy but they can give a problem when they reproduce. It is possible for the balanced translocation carrier to pass on the translocation in an unbalanced form that can lead to miscarriage and physical or developmental problems (Munne et al., 2000). Deletion is the loss of a part of a chromosome that can cause multiple dysmorphic features because of the loss of one or more gene. For a deletion to be seen in karyotype analysis, the amount of deletion must be large. It may also occur as a result of an unbalanced translocation (Barber, 2005). Although deletion of a small piece of chromosome is not a serious problem, deletion of entire chromosome is lethal. Therefore, only a few viable conditions are found with a large deletion. Angelman syndrome Deletion of the terminal portion of chromosome 4 causes the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. Cri du chat syndrome is caused by a deletion in the short arm of chromosome 5. Both conditions are very rare and the incidence is 1 in 100,000 live births (Cerruti, 2001). Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome usually presents with variable phenotypic features. A characteristic feature of the Cri-du-chat syndrome is having a sound of cat like cry (Niebuhr, 1978). The phenotype is slightly different depending on their chromosome break point. There are two regions of break point in the short arm of chromosome 5 that have been identified in this syndrome. Loss of chromosome segment in 5p15.3 results in abnormal larynx development and deletion in 5p15.2 is associated with mental retardation (Overhauser et al., 1994; Simmons et al., 1995). Prader-Willi syndrome and Angleman syndrome are caused by deletion in the region 15q11-13 or by uniparental disomy (Ledbetter, 1981). If both copies of the chromosome are inherited from the father, the child will have Angelman and from the mother, the child will have Prader-Willi syndrome (Horsthemke, 1996). The incidence of Prader-Willi is 1 in 10, 000 whereas Angelman is 1 in 20, 000 live birth (Clayton-Smith, 1993; Petersen et al., 1995). A characteristic feature of Prader-Willi syndrome is sleepiness and of Angelmans are bouts of laughter (Zori et al., 1992). The children with Prader-Willi syndrome develop marked obesity and learning difficulties in the later life. These cytogenetic microdeletions in the long arm of chromosome 15 can be visible by using either FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) or DNA analysis with probes from the deleted region (Nicholls, 1994). Wilms tumour is the one of the micro deletion syndromes and deletion occurs at chromosome 11p13. The affected child develops renal neoplasm (Wilms tumour) together with aniridia (absent iris), genitourinary malformations and growth retardation. This combination is also known as WAGR syndrome. It is due to loss of several genes within this deletion. For example, loss of PAX6 is responsible for aniridia and loss of WT1 causes Wilms tumour. DiGeorge syndrome is caused by a mocro deletion in the proximal long arm of chromosome 22. The incidence is 1 in 400 live births and is presenting with heart abnormalities, thymic and parathyroid hypoplasia. The half of the affected has short stature and partial growth hormone deficiency. In adult life, 25% of the cases suffer from schizophrenia. A micro deletion at the chromosome 7q11 causes Willams syndrome presenting with elf like face, hypercalcemia and supravalvular aortic stenosis. It is due to loss of one copy of the gene that encodes elastin. With the improvement in the cytogenetic techniques and the use of FISH, additional rare micro deletion syndromes are identified, for example; deletion 1p36 syndrome and Smith-Magenis syndrome. The other structural abnormalities include duplication, inversion and mosiacism and the rare structural variants are fragile site, heteromorphisims, isochromosome and ring chromosome. Cancer and chromosomal abnormalities Some of the cancers can be detected by karyotype analysis. The connection between chromosome rearrangement and cancer is evident in hematological malignancies. The several chromosomal translocations are found in various types of leukemia. The specific chromosomal translocation between chromosome 9 and 22 occurs in chronic myeloid leukemia is called the Philadelphia chromosome. In this case, a part of the proto-oncogene, c-ABL on the chromosome 9 moves to the BCR gene on the chromosome 22. The resulting BCR-ABL gene codes for fusion protein that has tyrosine kinase activity in excess. Therefore, Philadelphia chromosome positive cases are prolonged survival with the treatment of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Moreover, detection of BCR-ABL transcripts in the bone marrow by PCR analysis is also necessity for the clinical follow-up. So, it can be used as a well defined diagnostic tool and prognostic factor. The most specific cytogenetic abnormality in childhood acute lymphoid leukemia is the translocation between chromosome 12 and 21 called TEL-AML1 translocation. Moreover, Philadelphia chromosome translocation also occurs in increasing age and carries a poor prognosis. Acute myeloid leukemia occurs in all age groups and is the common form of acute leukemia. The specific chromosomal abnormalities in acute myeloid leukemia are translocation between chromosome 15 and 17 and translocation between chromosome 8 and 21. In the chromosome 15 and 17 translocation, PML gene on the chromosome 15 is fused to the retinoic acid receptor ÃŽÂ ± gene (RARÃŽÂ ±). Therefore, acute myeloid leukemia associated with this type of translocation is well treated with all-trans retinoic acid and results in good prognosis. Furthermore, core binding transcription factor encoding genes CBFÃŽÂ ± and CBFÃŽÂ ² are involved in a translocation between chromosome 8 and 21. Another form of chromosome rearrangement in acute myeloid leukemia is inversion of the chromosome 16 in which CBFÃŽÂ ² gene is also involved. The four most common chromosome abnormalities in chronic lymphoid leukemia are trisomy 12, structural abnormalities of chromosome 17p, deletion at chromosome 13q14 and 11q23. These abnormalities carry the prognostic significance. Likewise in leukemia, chromosomal abnormalities are also seen in lymphoma. Lymphoma is a group of diseases caused by malignant lymphocytes that accumulate in the lymph nodes. Burkitts lymphoma is caused by viral infection that induces the transfer of C-MYC oncogene on the chromosome 8 to immunoglobulin gene on the chromosome 14. As a result, C-MYC gene is deregulated and the affected one clinically presents with massive lymhadenopathy of the jaw. Moreover, this specific translocation is associated with other forms of cancer including Burkitts lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Chromosome translocation associated with haematological cancers Translocation site Type of cancer t(9;22) Chronic myeloid leukemia (Rajasekariah et al., 1982) t(8;14), t(8;22), t(2;8) Burkitts lymphoma (Margrath, 1990) t(8;21) acute myeloblastic leukemia (Oshimura et al., 1976) t(4;18) follicular lymphoma (Fleischman and Prigogina, 1977) t(4;18) acute lymphocytic leukemia (Oshimura et al., 1977) The proportion of leukemia with a heritable component has been estimated as 25% in monozygotic twins. The risk to sibs in childhood leukemia is 2- 4 times higher than the population incidence. The risk of a relative developing Hodgkins disease is seven fold higher than others (Kelly, 1992). Retinoblastoma is the well known childhood cancer that involves in the developing retina cells of the eyes. The disease onset is usually in the first five years with a white cat eyes reflex or squint. Early diagnosis and treatment will have good long-term outcome. It can occur either hereditary or non-hereditary. In the heritable condition, the disease is an autosomal dominant in manner and is caused by the germline mutation that is the mutation in the RB1 gene. Approximately 5% of the cases reveal interstitial deletion involving the long arm of chromosome 13 in the cytogenetic analysis. In the non-heritable condition, the mutation in the RB1 gene arises as a post-zygotic event in early embryogenesis is also known as somatic mutation. Genetic counselling Genetic counselling is a communication process that deals with the problems associated with the occurrence of a genetic disorder in a family. Genetic disorder is a considerable health and economic problem because there is no effective therapy. So, high risk population group often seek advices as to why it happened and about the risk of having further abnormal offsprings. Therefore, the realization of the need of the individuals and couples together with the awareness of the importance of the accurate information, has led to the widespread introduction of genetic counselling clinics in parallel with clinical genetics. The introduction of genetic counselling services has been provided approximately 40 years ago. Thus, the genetic counselor provides the information related to the medical diagnosis, prognosis, complications and the possible treatment. Moreover, they have to explain the mode of inheritance of the disorder and also have to calculate the risk of the recurrence. Then, they h ave to bring out the options available for dealing with reducing the risks of having a disorder (Frets et al., 1991). . The options are no further pregnancy, adoption, in vitro fertilization with pre implantation diagnosis, artificial insemination-AID by donor (egg donation), termination of pregnancy, or ignore and accept the risk (Zare et al., 1973). AID is performed for husband with AD trait or both are carriers for a serious AR (Taranissi, 2005). In UK, due to the Congenital Disabilities act of 1976, legal action can be brought against a person whose breach of duty to the parents results in a child being born disabled, abnormal or unhealthy. Therefore, antenatal diagnosis with selective termination of pregnancy became a reality in UK with the abortion ACT OF 1967 (Macintyre, 1973). In the setting of genetic counselling, interviews must be conducted with great sensitivity and psychological insight as the parents may feel guilty for their abnormal babies. Therefore, genetic counselling should be offered to both parents and must give adequate time under an appropriate situation. The depth of explanation should be matched to education background of the couples, outlining of the genetic basic of the condition with the aid of diagrams and recurrent risk calculations (Sermon, 2002). The quality of the genetic counselling depends on the availability of facilities that ensure an accurate diagnosis can be made. If the diagnosis is incorrect, it will be totally misleading information. The important thing in genetic counselling must be non- judgemental and non-directive. The aim is to deliver a balanced version of the facts which will permit the parents to reach their own decision with regard to their reproductive future. Moreover, referral to an appropriate support group is also the essential integral component of the genetic counselling process. The recurrence risk is usually calculated by using Bayes theorem that express probability of disease occurrence mathematically. Bayes theorem is also known as Bayesian analysis or Bayesian inference. But some of the limiting factors are delayed age of onset, reduced penetrance and use of DNA marker. These are more complex in the risk calculation. Autosomal dominant trait is the risk to each child of an affected person at 1 in 2. However, the risk estimation in family counselling can be difficult because of the variable penetrance and expression. For example in case of incomplete penetrance, although the parents have a dominant disorder but the disease does not manifest itself clinically. This gives the appearance of the gene having a skipped generation. In Autosomal recessive trait, if one of the parents is carrier, the offspring have a 1 in 4 chance of being affected and a 2 in 3 chance of being carrier (Yoshikawa and Mukai, 1970). Recurrence risk of 1 in 4 chances does not mean that their next three children will be uneffected because of the tossed coin phenomenon and joint probability. Therefore, genetic counselor should be explained that there are 3 chances out of 4 that their next baby will be affected. Autosomal recessive disorders are more severe and higher motality than autosomal dominant. In this case, there is usually no family history although the defective gene is passed from generation to generation. Similarly the sex-linked disorder can be dominant or recessive as the autosomal genes. In an X-linked recessive trait, if females are obligate carriers, one half of her sons will be affected and one half of her daughter will be carriers. If an affected male reproduces, there will be normal sons and carrier daughters. An X-linked dominant condition is very rare and vitamin D-resistant rickets is the best known example. Consanguineous marriage and incestuous relationship in the parents provides further support increases for the risk of recessive inheritance. Risk for consanguinity is common in Arab population. As for the carrier detection, some of the inborn errors of metabolism are autosomal recessive disorder like Tay Sachs disease and haemoglobinopathies but these can be detected only by biochemical analysis. But because of X inactivation, few of these are absolute and this information needs to be combined with the pedigree risk using Bayes theorem (Markova et al., 1984). Fragile X syndrome is an X-inked dominant, single gene disorder rather than chromosome abnormalities. It is a common heritable cause of learning difficulties and affects 1 in 5000 males. The characteristic features are high forehead, large ears, long face, prominent jaw, large testes and repetitive speech. This is due to mutation of FMR1 gene encoding CGG repeats at the end of X chromosomes long arm. It appears as a constriction in the X chromosome in the chromosomal analysis called fragile site. The more repeats, the more severe the disease. If this reaches greater than 200 CGG triplets, it becomes a full mutation. Each son of the carrier woman with full mutation will have a 50% chance of getting this disease. Moreover, 50% of the female carriers with full mutation also have mild learning difficulties and there will have a 25% chance of getting a daughter with learning difficulties. Conditions needed for genetic counselling and investigation (Watson et al., 1992) Infertility one in ten of all couples are involuntarily infertile, such a couple needs chromosomal analysis to exclude a balanced structural rearrangement and Klinefelters syndrome. Recurrence miscarriage one of six pregnancies ends as a spontaneous miscarriage. 3-5% of cases have a balanced structural rearrangement Still birth Perinatal death with multiple malformations Gene therapy The recent progress in molecular genetics is the prospect of successful gene therapy. Gene therapy is the genetic alteration of the cells of the affected persons for curing the genetic diseases. Somatic cell gene therapy consists of the alteration of genes in human somatic cells to treat a specific disorder, for example, X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease. In this case bone marrow stem cell has been a prime candidate for somatic therapy because it is a proliferating cell and has a long life span in the body. Currently, the best source is believed to be embryonic stem cells and ethical consideration impinges on almost every aspect of clinical genetics. On the other hand, gene replacement therapy has been used for loss of function mutation. This involves replacing a missing gene product by inserting a normal gene into somatic cells. There are many techniques for introducing of gene into cells but retrovirus and adenovirus are the most commonly used as gene therapy vectors. Another method of gene therapy is the gene blocking therapy to encounter the effect of gain of function mutations. These include the use of antisense molecules and RNA cleaving riboenzymes. Conclusion The benefit of karyotype analysis in high risk populations provides the prevention and early management options to minimize the risk. As genetic science development, researchers and clinicians have more advanced diagnostic tool like multiplex PCR, SNP microarray, CGH (comparative genomic hybridization) to identify the far more complex chromosome abnormalities. Although karyotyping by FISH can detect both balanced and unbalanced translocations, uniparental disomy can only be detected by SNP arrays and high output sequencing. Despite the high cost, enormous benefit can be found for society to evaluate the superior treatment protocols and genomic technologies for the future.